Athar

other روند بهره‌برداری و تحولات باغ مسعودیه تهران، با تکیه بر اسناد و کاوش باستان‌شناسی The Exploitation Process and Developments of Masoudieh Garden in Tehran, Based on Documents and Archaeological Excavations <div style="text-align: justify;">مسعود میرزا پسر ناصرالدین‌شاه، بناهایی چند در محدوده تهران ناصری ساخت که عمارت مسعودیه از چشمگیرترین آن‌ها است. این عمارت، مجموعه‌ای از بناها و فضاهای واجد ارزش تاریخی در مرکز شهر تهران است. این مجموعه در سال 1247 شمسی به‌وسیله مسعود میرزا از نظام‌الملک خریداری و به مسعودیه شهرت یافت. در سال ۱۲۹۵ قمری این عمارت به دستور ظل‌السلطان و به سرکاری رضا قلی‌خان در زمینی به وسعت حدود ۴ هزار مترمربع و مرکب از بیرونی و اندرونی و دیگر ملحقات بنا شده است. این عمارت در برگیرنده هفت سازه معماری بوده که با دو حیاط به یکدیگر راه داشته و هریک بافتی جداگانه داشته‌اند. ساختارها در پوششی از دو باغ سبز قرار داشتند که یکی از باغ‌ها از سر در تا حیاط مقابل دیوان‌خانه امتداد داشته و به‌وسیله ستون‌های آجری و نرده‌های چوبی به دو بخش تقسیم می‌شد و باغ دوم، دیگر بناها را پوشش می‌داد. در بخش انتهایی باغ اصلی عمارت دیوان‌خانه با حوض دایره‌ای شکل جای دارد که در دوره قاجار با شعاع دو متر آجرفرش بوده است. عمارت مسعودیه علاوه‌بر کارکرد اصلی خود، در ادوار مختلف عملکردهای متفاوتی داشته و متناسب با هر دوره دستخوش تغییر و تخریب بوده است. با توجه به وضعیت مبهم ضلع غربی مجموعه و نحوه ارتباط حیاط‌ها با یکدیگر و نیز ارتباط ضلع غربی مجموعه با خیابان ملت از اهداف و پرسش‌های اصلی پژوهش‌های باستان‌شناسی محوطه مسعودیه تهران بود؛ بنابراین، روش تحقیق به‌لحاظ ماهیت از نوع تفسیری-تاریخی است. درنتیجه مقاله حاضر در تلاش است با بررسی اطلاعات موجود در نقشه‌های عبدالغفار و نوسکوف، عکس هوایی سال ۱۳۳۵ ه.ش. متون تاریخی، اسناد خریدوفروش، تصاویر موجود در مؤسسه مطالعات تاریخ معاصر ایران به همراه نتایج کاوش‌های باستان‌شناسی انجام شده به تجزیه‌وتحلیل روند شکل‌گیری و ساخت مجموعه تا در اختیار میراث‌فرهنگی قرار گرفتن را بپردازد.</div> <pre style="text-align: justify;"> :Background and Objectives</pre> <pre style="text-align: justify;"> The Masoudieh Mansion stands as a significant testament to Tehran's architectural heritage, spanning both the Qajar and Pahlavi eras. Constructed during Naser al-Din Shah's period of urban expansion, beginning in 1284 AH, its strategic location near Topkhana Square (now Imam Khomeini Square) and the royal citadel underscores its historical importance. Encompassing an expansive area of approximately 30,000 square meters, the mansion, with its intricate inner and outer sections, reflects the substantial investment made by Masoud Mirza.</pre> <pre style="text-align: justify;"> Today, nestled within the heart of Tehran along a culturally and historically rich axis, the restoration and revitalization of this mansion holds the potential to significantly contribute to the preservation of the city's historical fabric. A thorough investigation of its historical transformations is crucial to understanding its evolution into the Qasr and Zol al-Sultan building.</pre> <pre style="text-align: justify;"> Tehran's identity is inextricably linked to its gardens. Historical accounts emphasize the role of these green spaces in not only beautifying the city but also safeguarding its inhabitants. However, the ongoing administrative use of the Masoudieh Mansion has led to substantial alterations, posing significant challenges to preservation efforts. While certain areas, such as the Seyyed Javadi building, have received dedicated attention, most sections have been treated in a manner similar to non-historical structures, hindering efforts to maintain their architectural integrity.</pre> <pre style="text-align: justify;"> Methodes: This research employs an interpretative-historical approach, combining archaeological excavations with historical document analysis, to delve into the transformative journey of the Masoudieh Mansion. By scrutinizing a diverse range of sources, including maps by Abdul Ghaffar and Noskov, aerial photographs from 1956 CE, historical texts, purchase documents, and materials from the Institute for Contemporary Historical Studies in Iran, this study aims to analyze how this complex was constructed and transformed until its designation as a cultural heritage site. Through the synthesis of these resources, this research endeavors to provide a comprehensive narrative of the mansion's construction history and its multifaceted functions over time. Findings: Over recent years, the Masoudieh Mansion has undergone significant alterations to its structure and function due to administrative use. The neglect of its historical value presents a formidable challenge for restoration efforts. This research aims to determine the optimal approach to revitalizing this important site by leveraging documentation and archaeological evidence. The need for a thorough examination is underscored by extensive demolitions since the 1960s, which have obscured much of the mansion's original state. Identifying construction dimensions and tracking changes in usage are crucial for understanding authenticity and establishing a credible historical narrative. The research reveals that archaeological investigations at Masoudieh uncovered evidence predating the Naseri period, while also documenting architectural changes spanning over a century and a half. These findings shed light on ambiguities surrounding the site's history and lay the groundwork for its protection. A total of eleven trenches were excavated within the complex, revealing various architectural features, including central rooms, side rooms, cisterns, and water supply systems. The identified architectural periods are as follows: </pre> <ul> <li style="margin-bottom: 11px; text-align: justify;">First Period: Remnants of three interconnected spaces likely constructed simultaneously with those in Trench II.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 11px; text-align: justify;">Second Period: Modifications, including new additions to Trench I's central room.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 11px; text-align: justify;">Third Period: Changes reflecting earlier architectural phases, such as wall constructions.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 11px; text-align: justify;">Fourth Period: Creation of a wall separating interior spaces from external areas.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 11px; text-align: justify;">Fifth and Sixth Periods: Restoration efforts featuring porticos in Mosheer al-Malaki's courtyard.</li> </ul> <pre style="text-align: justify;"> Furthermore, significant cultural artifacts, such as pottery, tiles, and glass, were unearthed during these excavations, enriching our understanding of this historical complex. Conclusion: The Nazemi neighborhood, which developed during Naseri's reign, encompassed key gardens such as Baharestan and Negarestan. As urban development progressed, these green spaces were integrated into Naseri's city walls. Following Naser al-Din Shah's death, ownership of the Masoudieh Mansion remained within the royal family until Reza Khan Sardar Sepah acquired it in 1342 AH (1963 AD) as a gift for the Ministry of Culture.</pre> <pre style="text-align: justify;"> After the Islamic Revolution, the mansion continued under the Ministry of Education's oversight, with an emphasis on literacy programs that elevated its significance within educational contexts. In 1377 AH (1998 AD), the Masoudieh Mansion was registered as a national heritage site under Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization. This transition marked a shift from its political role to a focus on its historical importance.</pre> <pre style="text-align: justify;"> The Masoudieh Mansion stands as a testament to significant social and political transformations throughout Iranian history, playing an essential role in shaping cultural narratives across various periods. Its preservation is not only crucial for maintaining Tehran's architectural heritage but also for fostering an understanding of Iran's rich cultural identity through time. </pre> <div dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"></div> عمارت مسعودیه, قاجار, باغ, ظل‌السلطان, اسناد خریدوفروش, بررسی و شناسایی و کاوش‌های باستان‌شناسی. Masoudieh Mansion, Qajar, Bagh, Zol al-Sultan, purchase documents, archaeological excavations. 55 76 http://athar.richt.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2773-6&slc_lang=other&sid=2 Hamid Amanollahi حمید امان اللهی Yes Archeology PhD student, Department of Archaeology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran دانشجوی دکتری باستان‌شناسی، گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، اصفهان