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Volume 40, Issue 3 (Fall 2019)
Athar 2019, 40(3): 226-247 |
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Amini Armaki G H, Foroozesh S, Mirfattah A. (2019). On the early Islamic Mosques and the Influential Factors in Their Durability. Athar. 40(3), 226-247.
URL: http://athar.richt.ir/article-2-488-en.html
URL: http://athar.richt.ir/article-2-488-en.html
1- PhD Student, Department of History and Archeology, Faculty of Literature, Humanities and Social Sciences, Tehran Research Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2- Assistant Professor, Department of History and Archeology, Faculty of Literature, Humanities and Social Sciences, Tehran Research Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran ,SinaForoozesh@gmail.com
3- Assistant Professor of History, Abhar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2- Assistant Professor, Department of History and Archeology, Faculty of Literature, Humanities and Social Sciences, Tehran Research Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran ,
3- Assistant Professor of History, Abhar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Architecture, a branch of techniques and art of human civilization, has been the focus of human societies for many millennia. Among the branches of architecture, the construction of religious buildings has a special place. Architecture in Iran has a history of thousands of years, which has been formed and evolved over time under the influence of various geographical and cultural factors. Iran, with its rich experiences and advanced and rooted architecture, was defeated by the new Muslim Arabs in the first century AH, during the Sassanid era, as a result of which many Zoroastrian Iranians converted to Islam, and the construction of numerous mosques replaced the construction of fire temples. Arab architecture was initially influenced by Iranian and Byzantine architecture; since Mesopotamia and Iran was occupied by the Arabs, Iranian art and architecture greatly expanded in the form of Islamic architecture, and countless mosques were built in the corners of Iran, of which only a few traces remain today. The present study tries to analyze the factors and influential elements of early Islamic mosques in accordance with thematic documents. This is a descriptive-analytical research that was conducted using the inductive method. Information and data collection was done in the form of library surveys and field studies.
The results of the research showed that there was a close and inseparable relationship between the elements and geographical factors of each region and its religious and cultural components with the architecture derived from Islam. This influence is so far that it can be boldly claimed that the main elements and components of the construction of mosques and non-native architectural structures in Iran have been influenced by geography, geographical factors and elements and the native culture of each region.
The main elements of the mosque architecture are:
Fahraj Mosque: The strength and width of the columns and walls, stones, mortar and the type of Iranian and Islamic architecture are the factors leading to the long durability of this mosque after many years.
Damghan Historical Mosque: The map of this mosque is the simplest, purest and even the most scientific map of Islamic mosques. During this period, Islamic buildings have not yet been influenced by Iranian styles, and it also becomes clear how Iranian mosques were affected by the Arabs. Historically, there is nothing in the architectural forms of the building that is not purely Iranian, in other words, there is no part of the building that does not belong to the architecture of the Sassanid era, and technically there is nothing that other buildings, made in this area, imitated.
Qazvin Grand Mosque: The plan of this mosque is in the form of Chahartaghi and completely comparable to the plan of fire temples. With various studies and field researches, it can be concluded that the design, method and architectural elements of this Chahartaghi are a similar to the Sassanid period architectural art, or based on some hypotheses some Sassanid Chahartaghis were reshaped and turned into mosque at that time.
Shoush Mosque: The plan of this mosque is comparable to the plans of Kufa and Basra mosques in Iraq, which includes a central courtyard with a column hall with 4 east-west navs and ten north-south navs with 36 circular columns. .
Natanz Grand Mosque: The special feature of this mosque is its Shabestan with eight domed sides. This is the oldest dome dating back more than a thousand years.
Nain Mosque: One of the most prominent elements of this mosque is its arches and columns. The arches of this mosque are long and narrow and more broken than the Damghan mosque and have a truncated shape so that it is far from the Sassanid type arches.
Yazd Grand Mosque: This building has been built in the style of an Ivan for about one hundred years in three periods. The main foundations of this mosque are considered by the Sassanids and the current building in terms of architectural style belongs to two periods called Azeri.
Kashan Grand Mosque: The reputation of this mosque is due to the large Mihrab of the Seljuk period, which had an exquisite stucco decoration and in the small paert of its remaining, it introduces a verse from Surah Jumu'ah expressing the significance of Jumu'ah and Friday prayers, which represents the same prayer in this mosque.
Isfahan Grand Mosque: Due to different governments, additional extensions have been added to this mosque. But the most prominent elements are the Oljaito Mihrab and beautiful minarets.
The results of the research showed that there was a close and inseparable relationship between the elements and geographical factors of each region and its religious and cultural components with the architecture derived from Islam. This influence is so far that it can be boldly claimed that the main elements and components of the construction of mosques and non-native architectural structures in Iran have been influenced by geography, geographical factors and elements and the native culture of each region.
The main elements of the mosque architecture are:
- Wall 2- Jerz 3- Column 4- Arch 5- Tavizeh (Arch) 6- Shabestan 7- Ravaq 8- Mihrab 9-Minaret and 10-Dome;
Fahraj Mosque: The strength and width of the columns and walls, stones, mortar and the type of Iranian and Islamic architecture are the factors leading to the long durability of this mosque after many years.
Damghan Historical Mosque: The map of this mosque is the simplest, purest and even the most scientific map of Islamic mosques. During this period, Islamic buildings have not yet been influenced by Iranian styles, and it also becomes clear how Iranian mosques were affected by the Arabs. Historically, there is nothing in the architectural forms of the building that is not purely Iranian, in other words, there is no part of the building that does not belong to the architecture of the Sassanid era, and technically there is nothing that other buildings, made in this area, imitated.
Qazvin Grand Mosque: The plan of this mosque is in the form of Chahartaghi and completely comparable to the plan of fire temples. With various studies and field researches, it can be concluded that the design, method and architectural elements of this Chahartaghi are a similar to the Sassanid period architectural art, or based on some hypotheses some Sassanid Chahartaghis were reshaped and turned into mosque at that time.
Shoush Mosque: The plan of this mosque is comparable to the plans of Kufa and Basra mosques in Iraq, which includes a central courtyard with a column hall with 4 east-west navs and ten north-south navs with 36 circular columns. .
Natanz Grand Mosque: The special feature of this mosque is its Shabestan with eight domed sides. This is the oldest dome dating back more than a thousand years.
Nain Mosque: One of the most prominent elements of this mosque is its arches and columns. The arches of this mosque are long and narrow and more broken than the Damghan mosque and have a truncated shape so that it is far from the Sassanid type arches.
Yazd Grand Mosque: This building has been built in the style of an Ivan for about one hundred years in three periods. The main foundations of this mosque are considered by the Sassanids and the current building in terms of architectural style belongs to two periods called Azeri.
Kashan Grand Mosque: The reputation of this mosque is due to the large Mihrab of the Seljuk period, which had an exquisite stucco decoration and in the small paert of its remaining, it introduces a verse from Surah Jumu'ah expressing the significance of Jumu'ah and Friday prayers, which represents the same prayer in this mosque.
Isfahan Grand Mosque: Due to different governments, additional extensions have been added to this mosque. But the most prominent elements are the Oljaito Mihrab and beautiful minarets.
Type of Study: Original Research Article |
Subject:
Various
Received: 2020/05/18 | Accepted: 2020/07/8 | Published: 2020/08/29
Received: 2020/05/18 | Accepted: 2020/07/8 | Published: 2020/08/29
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